Notes in Exam III

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Published	04/08/2025	Define/describe the following antibody effector functions:{{c1::Neutralization}}: {{c2::prevents binding of pathogens or toxins to cells, which preven…
Published	04/08/2025	What BCR structure determines the isotype of an immunoglobulin?
Published	04/08/2025	What ig component determines antibody function?
Published	04/08/2025	{{c1::Isotype switching}} occurs during {{c2::proliferation of B cells}} after primary antigen exposure and results in {{c2::changes to antibody funct…
Published	04/08/2025	What directs isotype switching during B cell proliferation, and what signal is used?
Published	04/08/2025	Define/describe the following immunoglobulin isotypes:{{c1::IgM}}: {{c2::first and major responder during a primary immune response. Typically secrete…
Published	04/08/2025	What are the effector actions of IgM, IgG, IgE, and IgA?
Published	04/08/2025	What is the genetic basis for isotype switching?
Published	04/08/2025	What is the difference between a BCR and an antibody?
Published	04/08/2025	What are the differences between a primary and secondary immune response?
Published	04/08/2025	{{c1::Affinity maturation}} is the {{c2::process of selecting antibodies in germinal centers that bind to the antigen better}}. {{c1::Class/isotype sw…
Published	04/08/2025	Does the presence of compatible antibodies always correlate with protective immunity?
Published	04/08/2025	In general, {{c1::immunoglobulins}} play a more significant role in combating {{c2::extracellular infections}}. {{c1::Cell-mediated responses involvin…
Published	04/08/2025	When recognizing antigens, {{c2::B cells}} bind to {{c1::free antigens in their native form}}, while {{c2::T cells}} utilize {{c1::MHC}}
Published	04/08/2025	What are the 5 main functions of the complement system?
Published	04/08/2025	List/describe the following pathways that can activate the complement system:{{c1::Alternative pathway}}: {{c2::pathogen surface creates local environ…
Published	04/08/2025	The {{c1::alternative and lectin}} complement pathways are activated by {{c2::PAMPS}} and part of {{c3::innate}} immunity. The {{c1::classical}} pathw…
Published	04/08/2025	List the following convertases:{{c1::Classical and lectin C3 convertase}}: {{c2::C4b2b}}{{c1::Alternative convertase}}: {{c2::C3bBb}}{{c1::C5 converta…
Published	04/08/2025	How does the membrane attack complex (MAC) or terminal complement complex (TCC) kill microbes?
Published	04/08/2025	Why is C3 more important than C9?
Published	04/08/2025	When a phagocyte complement receptor is deficient, what can't it help with?
Published	04/08/2025	What are the two main complement anaphylatoxins and what do they do?
Published	04/08/2025	How are B1 (thymus independent B cells) activated?
Published	04/08/2025	What are the important opsonins for complement opsonization?
Published	04/08/2025	How does the complement system opsonize bacteria?
Published	04/08/2025	How does the complement system remove immune complexes from the blood?
Published	04/08/2025	What are the mechanisms involved in immune tolerance?
Published	04/08/2025	{{c1::Central tolerance}} involves {{c2::immature}} self-reactive lymphocytes being {{c2::deleted}} in {{c2::primary}} lymphoid organs.{{c1::Periphera…
Published	04/08/2025	Define/describe the following:{{c1::Tolerance}}: {{c2::state of specific unresponsiveness to an antigen induced by prior exposure to that antigen}}{{c…
Published	04/08/2025	How does tolerance develop in BVDV calves?
Published	04/08/2025	What are the mechanisms for T cell selection in the thymus that lead to central tolerance?
Published	04/08/2025	What are the 3 initiators of T-cell peripheral tolerance?
Published	04/08/2025	What induces B cell central tolerance?
Published	04/08/2025	What are the 3 general mechanisms of B cell central tolerance?
Published	04/08/2025	What induces B cell peripheral tolerance? (4)
Published	04/08/2025	What are the 2 general mechanisms of B cell peripheral tolerance?
Published	04/08/2025	Overall, how does B cell tolerance compare to T cell tolerance?
Published	04/08/2025	What are the 6 immune regulatory mechanisms that aren’t central and peripheral tolerance? Which of these is the #1 regulator?
Published	04/08/2025	T cell regulationAfter T cells activate, they present {{c1::CTLA-4}} on their surface, which acts to {{c2::terminate response}} upon binding…
Published	04/08/2025	Briefly describe the two mechanisms that allow antibodies to suppress antibody mechanisms
Published	04/08/2025	What is the consequence of antibody-induced tolerance in neonates?
Published	04/08/2025	What are the two methods of inducing Treg differentiation, and where do they take place?
Published	04/08/2025	Treg cells secrete {{c1::TGF-β}} and {{c1::IL-10}}, which act to {{c2::suppress T-cell proliferation}} and {{c2::prevent T-cell activation}}…
Published	04/08/2025	What are the 3 primary immune-inhibiting/regulating cytokines/mediators for this course?
Published	04/08/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:text:left=.339:top=.1017:fill=#000000:text=(mucosal):scale=1.:fs=.0454:oi=1}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.2716:top=.2137:wid…
Published	04/08/2025	What categories of the innate immune system are present on mucosa?
Published	04/08/2025	What 3 mechanisms allow normal mucosal flora to prevent disease?
Published	04/08/2025	What is a commensal?
Published	04/08/2025	Briefly describe inductive vs. effector sites within MALT
Published	04/08/2025	Inductive and Effector sites within MALT have very different organization. Inductive sites have {{c1::organized}} lymphoid tissue, while effector…
Published	04/08/2025	Which cells are responsible for antigen collection within mucosa?Which is only present in intestine mucosa?
Published	04/08/2025	Follow an antigen from the GI lumen to lymphocyte presentation.Include porential locations of presentation.
Published	04/08/2025	Briefly describe the outcome of the common mucosal immune system
Published	04/08/2025	What mechanism allows for the common mucosal immune system? Briefly describe it.
Published	04/08/2025	What cell is most important in stimulating IgA production in the mucosa?
Published	04/08/2025	What are the 5 major beats of a mucosal immune response? From luminal uptake to response.
Published	04/08/2025	What is required to transport IgA into the mucosal lumen?
Published	04/08/2025	Briefly describe the difference between immune exclusion and immune elimination
Published	04/08/2025	What is the primary reason that mucosal vaccines are hard to develop?
Published	04/08/2025	In the case of an effective mucosal vaccine, why is it particularly effective at preventing illness?
Published	04/08/2025	Be able to list at least 2 (of 6) characteristics of an ideal mucosal vaccine
Published	04/08/2025	While a neonate may technically be immunocompetent, why are they still particularly susceptible to disease? Generally
Published	04/08/2025	Describe at least 2 (of 8) ways that neonatal immune systems are less responsive. Think about innate, B cell, and T cell response.
Published	04/08/2025	{{c7::image-occlusion:rect:left=.7577:top=.9195:width=.1467:height=.0723}}{{c7::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0513:top=.932:width=.2051:height=.0598}}{{c…
Published	04/08/2025	Which animals are highly dependent on colostrum to provide passive immunity?
Published	04/08/2025	What pathway/receptor allows for transport of Ig into colostrum during late pregnancy? Where do the antibodies originate from?
Published	04/08/2025	What is the primary isotype in colostrum vs milk? Which group of animals differs from this?
Published	04/08/2025	What mechanism/receptor allows for absorption of Igs in the neonate? How long does this last?
Published	04/08/2025	Why do we have to wait until after 6 weeks to vaccinate neonates?
Published	04/08/2025	What are the 3 mechanisms that cause failure of passive transfer?
Published	04/08/2025	Management of passive transfer failureTo treat failure {{c1::before}} 16 hours, one can administer {{c2::oral frozen colostrum or anti…
Published	04/08/2025	What are the basic features of protozoa?
Published	04/08/2025	What is the relationship between protozoa and the host?
Published	04/08/2025	What are the immune mechanisms against extracellular protozoa (free tachyzoites)?
Published	04/08/2025	What is the immune mechanism against intracellular protozoa?
Published	04/08/2025	How do protozoa evade immune responses?
Published	04/08/2025	Why is it difficult to develop vaccines against protozoan pathogens?
Published	04/08/2025	What are the basic features of helminths?
Published	04/08/2025	What are the mechanisms of immunity against helminths?
Published	04/08/2025	How do helminths evade immune responses?
Published	04/08/2025	Why is it difficult to develop vaccines against helminths?
Published	04/08/2025	What events are required for infectious diseases to develop?
Published	04/08/2025	What are the differences between a bacterial and viral infection?
Published	04/08/2025	What are the differences between virus infections in adapted vs non-adapted hosts?
Published	04/08/2025	Name the 7 innate and adaptive immune responses important for controlling virus infections
Published	04/08/2025	What are some of the virus methods to evade immune responses?
Published	04/08/2025	What are four factors that determine the severity of bacterial diseases?
Published	04/08/2025	What effector mechanisms are important for controlling bacterial infections?
Published	04/08/2025	What adaptive immune system intermediate cells are needed for controlling bacterial infection?
Published	04/08/2025	What effector mechanisms are helpful against extracellular bacteria?
Published	04/08/2025	What effector mechanisms are helpful against intracellular bacteria
Published	04/08/2025	What are the bacterial virulence factors discussed in class?
Published	04/08/2025	What are the effector mechanisms of adaptive immunity against fungi?
Published	04/08/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0875:top=.082:width=.1632:height=.0681}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0998:top=.2558:width=.1612:height=.0753}}{{c…
Published	04/08/2025	What is serology?
Published	04/08/2025	What are immunodiagnostics? What are used as reagents?
Published	04/08/2025	What is the difference between serum and plasma?
Published	04/08/2025	{{c1::Qualiative tests}} measure if {{c2::the antibody/antigen is present}}{{c1::Quantitative tests}} measure if {{c2::both the antibody/antigen is pr…
Published	04/08/2025	What is an antiglobulin?
Published	04/08/2025	{{c1::Titer}} is the {{c2::highest dilution of serum that gives a positve test result}}.
Published	04/08/2025	Suppose you have serum from two animals. One has an antibody titer of 400 and the other has a titer of 1,600. Which animal has the greatest concentrat…
Published	04/08/2025	For a single B cell clone (monoclonal), what does it fuse with to immortalize the cell?
Published	04/08/2025	For a recently immunized mouse, how does monoclonal antibody production occur?
Published	04/08/2025	{{c1::Polyclonal}} antibodies are a product of a {{c2::population of antigen specific B cells}}. They have a {{c2::mixture}} of {{c1::isotypes}}, {{c1…
Published	04/08/2025	What kind of species are polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies made in?
Published	04/08/2025	Why are monoclonal Ab producers called "hybridomas"?
Published	04/08/2025	What is a diagnostic and theraputic use of monoclonal antibodies?
Published	04/08/2025	What are some advantages to using a monoclonal antibody instead of a polyclonal antibody?
Published	04/08/2025	{{c1::Primary binding}} tests allow the {{c2::antigen and antibody to combine before measuring the immune complexes that form}}.{{c1::Seconadry bindin…
Published	04/08/2025	Define/ describe the following tests. They are examples of {{c2::primary binding assays}}. {{c1::Indirect ELISA}}: {{c2::test for serum antibody}…
Published	04/08/2025	Define/ describe the following. These are examples of {{c2::primary binding assays}}{{c1::Immunochromatography}}: {{c2::a disposable in clinic antigen…
Published	04/08/2025	Define/describe the following. These are examples of {{c2::primary binding assays}}.{{c1::Immunocytochemistry}}: {{c2::make a slide smear, add antibod…
Published	04/08/2025	Define/describe the following. These are examples of {{c2::secondary binding tests}}{{c1::Precipitation}}: {{c2::small soluble complexes}}{{c1::Agglut…
Published	04/08/2025	{{c1::Analytic sensitivity}} is a determination of the {{c2::limit of detection of an assay}}. In other words, it shows the amount of {{c2::antibody o…
Published	04/08/2025	{{c1::Diagnostic sensitivity}} is the ability of a test to correctly {{c2::identify positives while avoiding false negatives.}}{{c1::Diagnostic specif…
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