Notes in 35) Aplastic Anemia

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	06/12/2025	What is the literal meaning of “aplastic” in aplastic anemia?
Published	06/12/2025	In aplastic anemia, what term describes the marrow cellularity?
Published	06/12/2025	Define pancytopenia.
Published	06/12/2025	Describe the bone marrow appearance in aplastic anemia.
Published	06/12/2025	What are the two major mechanisms of stem cell loss in aplastic anemia?
Published	06/12/2025	Which immune cells mediate acquired aplastic anemia?
Published	06/12/2025	Name two key cytokines involved in immune-mediated stem cell destruction.
Published	06/12/2025	How do IFN-γ and TNF-α cause stem cell loss?
Published	06/12/2025	What proportion of normal stem cell numbers remains in severe acquired aplastic anemia?
Published	06/12/2025	Which therapy’s success supports the immune pathogenesis of aplastic anemia?
Published	06/12/2025	What is anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) used for?
Published	06/12/2025	Which HLA association suggests genetic predisposition in idiopathic AA?
Published	06/12/2025	Name two inherited syndromes that cause intrinsic stem cell failure.
Published	06/12/2025	What DNA repair defect underlies Fanconi anemia?
Published	06/12/2025	Which physical anomalies are seen in Fanconi anemia?
Published	06/12/2025	What test confirms Fanconi anemia?
Published	06/12/2025	What telomere abnormality is found in dyskeratosis congenita?
Published	06/12/2025	Name the mucocutaneous triad of dyskeratosis congenita.
Published	06/12/2025	What is the feared long-term complication of intrinsic stem cell defects?
Published	06/12/2025	Why might a PNH clone have a selective advantage in AA?
Published	06/12/2025	Which bone marrow niche cells support hematopoiesis?
Published	06/12/2025	What replaces hematopoietic cells in AA marrow?
Published	06/12/2025	Which two toxins are classic causes of acquired AA?
Published	06/12/2025	Which occupational exposure should raise suspicion for AA?
Published	06/12/2025	What historical figure died of radiation-induced AA?
Published	06/12/2025	Which antibiotic famously causes idiosyncratic AA?
Published	06/12/2025	Name three classes of drugs associated with aplastic anemia.
Published	06/12/2025	How does chloramphenicol-induced AA present on exams?
Published	06/12/2025	Which antiseizure meds can cause AA?
Published	06/12/2025	Name two anti-thyroid drugs linked to AA.
Published	06/12/2025	What chemical structure in toxins is associated with AA?
Published	06/12/2025	Which virus is most classically linked to post-hepatitis AA?
Published	06/12/2025	Name three other viruses implicated in AA.
Published	06/12/2025	What type of anemia does parvovirus B19 usually cause?
Published	06/12/2025	Which autoimmune tumor is occasionally linked to marrow failure?
Published	06/12/2025	How does pregnancy-associated AA typically resolve?
Published	06/12/2025	Which renal disorder shares a name but not pathogenesis with Fanconi anemia?
Published	06/12/2025	What triad defines Diamond-Blackfan anemia clinically?
Published	06/12/2025	How does Diamond-Blackfan anemia differ from Fanconi anemia?
Published	06/12/2025	What gene class is mutated in DBA?
Published	06/12/2025	Which syndrome presents with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and neutropenia?
Published	06/12/2025	What gene is mutated in Shwachman-Diamond syndrome?
Published	06/12/2025	Define idiopathic aplastic anemia.
Published	06/12/2025	List the three cell lines affected in AA.
Published	06/12/2025	What are key clinical features of anemia in AA?
Published	06/12/2025	What are key clinical features of thrombocytopenia in AA?
Published	06/12/2025	What infection risk does neutropenia confer?
Published	06/12/2025	Why might AA patients appear deceptively well?
Published	06/12/2025	What physical exam findings favor AA over leukemia?
Published	06/12/2025	What exam finding suggests an alternative to AA?
Published	06/12/2025	At what ANC is infection risk in AA considered severe?
Published	06/12/2025	At what platelet count is bleeding risk in AA severe?
Published	06/12/2025	What reticulocyte count defines severe AA?
Published	06/12/2025	Name the criteria used to classify AA severity.
Published	06/12/2025	Differentiate severe vs. very severe AA.
Published	06/12/2025	What MCV pattern is seen in AA?
Published	06/12/2025	How does macrocytosis in AA differ from B12/folate deficiency?
Published	06/12/2025	Why is reticulocyte count low in AA?
Published	06/12/2025	What clue on peripheral smear distinguishes AA from leukemia?
Published	06/12/2025	What is the hallmark biopsy finding in AA?
Published	06/12/2025	What does a “dry tap” on marrow aspirate suggest?
Published	06/12/2025	Which stain is negative in AA but positive in myelofibrosis?
Published	06/12/2025	Why perform flow cytometry in AA workup?
Published	06/12/2025	What percentage of idiopathic AA patients have a PNH clone?
Published	06/12/2025	Which test differentiates Fanconi anemia from other AA causes?
Published	06/12/2025	Which test differentiates dyskeratosis congenita?
Published	06/12/2025	Why check B12/folate in suspected AA?
Published	06/12/2025	What liver tests should be done in AA workup?
Published	06/12/2025	Why test for HIV in AA patients?
Published	06/12/2025	When is ANA tested in AA workup?
Published	06/12/2025	What is the first diagnostic step in pancytopenia?
Published	06/12/2025	Name two lab tests to exclude hemolysis in AA.
Published	06/12/2025	Why measure ferritin in AA patients?
Published	06/12/2025	What cytogenetic finding would suggest MDS over AA?
Published	06/12/2025	What flow test diagnoses PNH?
Published	06/12/2025	Why is PNH screening important in AA?
Published	06/12/2025	Which findings on smear suggest myelofibrosis, not AA?
Published	06/12/2025	What physical finding rules out AA?
Published	06/12/2025	Which feature distinguishes hypoplastic MDS from AA?
Published	06/12/2025	What causes pancytopenia in hypersplenism?
Published	06/12/2025	Why is reticulocyte count high in hemolysis but low in AA?
Published	06/12/2025	What role does cytogenetics play in AA diagnosis?
Published	06/12/2025	List three conditions that cause hypercellular marrow with pancytopenia.
Published	06/12/2025	What distinguishes PRCA from AA?
Published	06/12/2025	What triggers aplastic crisis in sickle cell?
Published	06/12/2025	Why is splenectomy not indicated in AA?
Published	06/12/2025	Which imaging finding might you see in AA?
Published	06/12/2025	Which cell count defines severe thrombocytopenia?
Published	06/12/2025	What is the urgent management step for febrile neutropenia in AA?
Published	06/12/2025	Why use leukocyte-reduced irradiated blood for transfusions?
Published	06/12/2025	When is iron chelation indicated in AA?
Published	06/12/2025	Why is G-CSF not routine long-term therapy in AA?
Published	06/12/2025	Which drug dramatically improved IST outcomes in AA?
Published	06/12/2025	What is the mechanism of eltrombopag in AA?
Published	06/12/2025	Name the three components of standard IST in AA.
Published	06/12/2025	Why is horse ATG preferred to rabbit ATG up front?
Published	06/12/2025	What is the role of cyclosporine in AA treatment?
Published	06/12/2025	Name one major side effect of cyclosporine.
Published	06/12/2025	How long is cyclosporine typically continued in AA?
Published	06/12/2025	What complication can occur 1–2 weeks after ATG?
Published	06/12/2025	What indicates a response to IST in AA?
Published	06/12/2025	What proportion of AA patients respond to ATG+CsA+eltrombopag?
Published	06/12/2025	What is the relapse rate after IST in AA?
Published	06/12/2025	What definitive curative therapy exists for AA?
Published	06/12/2025	For which AA patients is HSCT first-line?
Published	06/12/2025	Why avoid unnecessary transfusions before HSCT?
Published	06/12/2025	What source of stem cells is preferred in AA transplants?
Published	06/12/2025	What conditioning regimen is used for inherited AA (e.g., Fanconi)?
Published	06/12/2025	What is the typical transplant survival in pediatric AA?
Published	06/12/2025	At what patient age do transplant risks outweigh benefits in AA?
Published	06/12/2025	When is a second course of ATG considered?
Published	06/12/2025	What experimental agent depletes T cells in relapsed AA?
Published	06/12/2025	How does high-dose cyclophosphamide act in AA?
Published	06/12/2025	Which androgen can be used in refractory AA?
Published	06/12/2025	What long-term monitoring is needed post-AA treatment?
Published	06/12/2025	What are leading causes of death in untreated AA?
Published	06/12/2025	What long-term complications can arise after AA therapy?
Published	06/12/2025	Name the best prophylactic antibiotic approach in severe AA.
Published	06/12/2025	Why avoid NSAIDs in AA patients?
Published	06/12/2025	What distinguishes AA from leukemia in the blood smear?
Published	06/12/2025	What key exam tip helps differentiate AA from other pancytopenias?
Published	06/12/2025	What is the classic Step 1 mnemonic for thumb defects in Fanconi vs. DBA?
Published	06/12/2025	What’s the approximate annual incidence of acquired aplastic anemia?
Published	06/12/2025	What assay is more sensitive than CD55/CD59 flow cytometry for detecting small PNH clones?
Published	06/12/2025	Why don’t AA patients develop extramedullary hematopoiesis (e.g., splenomegaly)?
Published	06/12/2025	In an adult, what marrow fat:cellularity ratio suggests aplasia?
Published	06/12/2025	How do you calculate the absolute neutrophil count (ANC)?
Published	06/12/2025	Which side effect of eltrombopag requires periodic monitoring?
Published	06/12/2025	Which gene mutation underlies congenital amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia (CAMT)?
Published	06/12/2025	Name two telomerase complex genes mutated in dyskeratosis congenita.
Published	06/12/2025	Which clinical clue points to GATA2 deficiency rather than idiopathic AA?
Published	06/12/2025	What marrow cytogenetic finding would steer you toward MDS rather than AA?
Published	06/12/2025	Roughly, what’s normal marrow cellularity by age?
Published	06/12/2025	What causes serum-sickness–like reactions 1–2 weeks after ATG?
Published	06/12/2025	Why do we give irradiated (not just leukocyte-reduced) blood products in AA?
Published	06/12/2025	After ~20 units of PRBCs, what complication arises and how is it managed?
Published	06/12/2025	What lab triad suggests overt PNH in an AA patient?
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