Notes in Exam IV

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Published	04/08/2025	What are the two goals of a primary active immune response?
Published	04/08/2025	Where do memory cells originate (along with what cells)? What will they do until there is a secondary immune responses?
Published	04/08/2025	After a primary exposure, the number of {{c1::memory B and T cells}} specific to a pathogen is {{c1::greater}} than the number of naive cells spe…
Published	04/08/2025	What are the properties of an ideal vaccine?
Published	04/08/2025	When a systemic vaccine is administered, there is a response in {{c1::lymph nodes}} or {{c1::spleen}}, resulting in {{c2::IgG}} production.&…
Published	04/08/2025	Why is it important to be able to distinguish vaccinated from infected animals?
Published	04/08/2025	{{c1::Modified live}} vaccines utilize {{c2::attenuated microorganisms}} that replicate in vivo and elicit an immune response similar to that&nbs…
Published	04/08/2025	What are the pros and cons of modified live viral vaccines?
Published	04/08/2025	What are the four ways modified live vaccines can be produced?
Published	04/08/2025	What are inactivated (killed) vaccines?
Published	04/08/2025	What are the pros and cons of inactivated vaccines?
Published	04/08/2025	How are inactivated vaccines produced?
Published	04/14/2025	What are adjuvants? What are their three main mechanisms of action?
Published	04/08/2025	What is a disadvantage associated with using adjuvants?
Published	04/08/2025	What is the differentiating infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA) principle?
Published	04/08/2025	Explain the differences in core vaccines and optional (risk-based) vaccines.
Published	04/08/2025	Maternal antibodies {{c1::inhibit}} the ability of the newborns to {{c1::mount an immune response}}. Maternal antibodies {{c2::neutrali…
Published	04/08/2025	You should start vaccinating puppies and kittens at {{c1::8-10 weeks}}, repeat at {{c1::11-12 weeks}}, and again at {{c1::15-16 weeks}}…
Published	04/08/2025	What are 4 reasons for vaccine failure asusming it was adiministered correctly?
Published	04/08/2025	What are reasons for vaccine failure assuming it was administered incorrectly? (2)
Published	04/08/2025	What are examples of vaccine-associated adverse effects associated with:errorsnormal toxicityinappropriate responses
Published	04/08/2025	Do animals response to vaccines equally? Why or why not?
Published	04/08/2025	Define hypersensitivity
Published	04/08/2025	What is an allergen?
Published	04/08/2025	The term "allergy" is typically used to describe what type of hypersensitivity?
Published	04/08/2025	The pathogenesis of {{c1::type I hypersensitivity}} involves {{c4::allergens}} causing {{c2::mast}} cells, {{c2::dendritic}} cells and {{c2::basophils…
Published	04/08/2025	{{c1::Allergic anaphylaxis/anaphylatic shock}} occurs from {{c2::generalized mast cell degranulation}} and {{c2::massive vasoactive mediator release}}…
Published	04/08/2025	What are the clinical signs of allergic anaphylaxis?
Published	04/08/2025	Why are type I hypersensitivity reactions immediate?
Published	04/08/2025	What cells mediate the early and late phase responses for type I hypersensitivity?
Published	04/08/2025	For type I hypersensitvities, what does the severity of clinical signs depend on?
Published	04/08/2025	What is the pathogenesis of anaphylatic shock?
Published	04/08/2025	What are three examples of type I allergic responses?
Published	04/08/2025	What is an atopy?
Published	04/08/2025	What are three diagnostic methods that can be used to determine specific allergens involved in type I hypersensitivities?
Published	04/08/2025	How do you treat anaphylaxis? What should you inject first?
Published	04/08/2025	What can be done to manage type I allergic responses?
Published	04/08/2025	{{c1::Desensitization therapy}} can be used for type I hypersensitivities. The objective is to shift the response from {{c2::Th2 > IgE}} to a {{c3:…
Published	04/10/2025	{{c1::Natural antibodies}} are found in {{c2::individuals without prior exposure to a given antigen}}{{c1::Alloantibodies}} are {{c2::antibodies again…
Published	04/15/2025	What is the pathogenesis for type II hypersensitivities?
Published	04/10/2025	What is the pathogenesis of type III hypersensitivities?
Published	04/15/2025	How do neonatal isoerythrolysis, blood transfusion reactions, and drug allergies happen? (Type II hypersensitivity)
Published	04/10/2025	{{c1::Localized}} type III hypersensitivities occur when the {{c2::complex forms in the tissue}}. Examples include {{c3::arthus, a blue eye, and COPD}…
Published	04/15/2025	An {{c1::Arthus reaction (localized type III)}} occurs after {{c2::injecting a soluble antigen subcutaneously}} in an animal with {{c2::precipitating …
Published	04/10/2025	How do Arthus reactions occur?
Published	04/10/2025	In what three tissues are immune complexes commonly deposited and what are the clinical consequences?
Published	04/22/2025	{{c1::Serum sickness}} occurs when the immune system antibodies binds {{c2::proteins}} in {{c3::medicications}}, {{c3::serum from other species}}, and…
Published	04/10/2025	What is the pathogenesis of serum sickness?
Published	04/10/2025	What type of cell is important for clearing out immune complexes, and do they need to be soluble or insoluble?
Published	04/11/2025	How does hypersentitivity-induced glomerulonephritis occur, and what are the clincal consequences?
Published	04/11/2025	{{c1::Pupura Hemorrhagica}} is a type {{c2::III}} hypersensitivity reaction that occurs from a prolonged immune response to {{c2::streptococcus equi}}…
Published	04/11/2025	What are two examples of type IV hypersensitivities?
Published	04/11/2025	What is the pathogenesis of type IV hypersensitivities involving Th1 cells?
Published	04/11/2025	What is the pathogenesis of type IV hypersensitivities involving CTLs?
Published	04/11/2025	How does the tuberculin reaction occur?
Published	04/11/2025	What are two clinical/pathologic consequences of type IV hypersensitivity?
Published	04/17/2025	{{c1::Allergic contact dermatitis}} occurs when certain chemicals react with skin proteins. {{c2::Th1}}, {{c2::CTL}}, and {{c2::NK}} cells respond in …
Published	04/11/2025	What are some differences between allergic contact dermaititis and atopic dermatitis?
Published	04/15/2025	Define autoimmunity
Published	04/15/2025	Why can autoimmunity occur?
Published	04/15/2025	What feature of the adaptive immune system allows for autoimmunity, and what keeps it from occurring in all animals?
Published	04/15/2025	What are the two overarching categories of autoimmune reactions?
Published	04/15/2025	Name or define the causes/mechanisms of "normal" autoimmune responses {{c1::Tissue damage}}- {{c2::Exposure of previously hidden antigens}}…
Published	04/15/2025	Name or define the mechanisms of "abnormal" autoimmune responses {{c1::Failure of tolerance}}- {{c2::Formation of autoantibodies and/or autoreact…
Published	04/15/2025	List two predisposing factors for autoimmune development
Published	04/15/2025	How is autoimmune tissue damage categorized?
Published	04/15/2025	Provide an example of the autoimmune disease classes Type I (Immediate) {{c1::Milk allergy}} Type II (Ab mediated) {{c1::Myasthenia gravis}} {{c1::…
Published	04/15/2025	Describe the pathophysiology of type I autoimmune disease
Published	04/15/2025	Define: Antagonist autoantibodies
Published	04/15/2025	Define: Anticholinesterase
Published	04/15/2025	What antibodies and mechanisms mediate extravascular hemolysis compared to intravascular?
Published	04/15/2025	What are the 3 primary tests for IMHA?
Published	04/15/2025	What symptom is most differential when it comes to Lupus?
Published	04/15/2025	What are diagnostic tests that can be used to test for Lupus?
Published	04/15/2025	What are the primary diagnostic tools for diagnosing type I diabetes mellitus
Published	04/15/2025	What is the broad understanding of Lupus pathogenesis?
Published	04/24/2025	Briefly describe the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis
Published	04/15/2025	How does one test for the presence of rheumatoid factor in dogs?
Published	04/15/2025	What do we know about the pathogenesis of canine type I diabetes mellitus?
Published	04/15/2025	Describe what is known about the pathogenesis of Myasthenia Gravis
Published	04/16/2025	{{c5::image-occlusion:rect:left=.1295:top=.872:width=.1175:height=.1128}}{{c5::image-occlusion:rect:left=.2559:top=.8742:width=.113:height=.1139}}{{c5…
Published	04/17/2025	Name or explain the types of grafts {{c1::Isograft}}: Graft between {{c2::genetically identical individuals}} {{c1::Allograft}}: Graft between …
Published	04/17/2025	Briefly explain graft-versus-host disease
Published	04/17/2025	What are the 3 forms of transplant rejection?
Published	04/17/2025	Describe the pathogenesis of Hyperacute rejection
Published	04/17/2025	Describe the pathogenesis of acute rejection, and is it direct or indirect?
Published	04/17/2025	Describe the pathogenesis of chronic rejection, and is it direct or indirect?
Published	04/17/2025	What is the difference between direct and indirect allorecognition?
Published	04/17/2025	What 3 adaptations allow for the fetus to evade rejection?
Published	04/17/2025	What are the cells that can recognize tumors and their antigens? What do they recognize?
Published	04/17/2025	What are the 4 effector cells/molecules (and their mechanisms) against tumor cells?
Published	04/17/2025	What are the 3 possible outcomes after a tumor is recognized?
Published	04/24/2025	{{c1::Primary}} immunodeficiencies are {{c2::inherited}} defects that manifest in {{c3::younger}} patients. {{c1::Secondary}} immunodeficien…
Published	04/24/2025	Why are primary immunodeficiencies rare?
Published	04/24/2025	When should you suspect a immunodeficiency in a patient?
Published	04/24/2025	What diagnostics should you consider when ruling out an immunodeficiency?
Published	04/24/2025	What immunodeficiencies affect the innate immune system?
Published	04/24/2025	What defects result in Chediak-Higashi syndrome?
Published	04/24/2025	What defect results in BLAD?
Published	04/24/2025	What are the primary immunodeficiencies that affect the adaptive immune system?
Published	04/24/2025	Breeds & their defects that result in severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID):{{c1::Arabian horses}} = {{c2::mutation in DNA-PK gene}}{{c1::B…
Published	04/24/2025	Why are paitents with SCID not sick until 2 months of age?
Published	04/24/2025	What are causes of secondary immunodeficiencies (at least 4)?
Published	04/24/2025	What are the effects of cortisol on the immue system?
Published	04/24/2025	What viruses in veterinary medicine can cause immunosuppression? (at least 2)
Published	04/24/2025	How can viruses cause immunosuppression? (2 examples)
Published	04/24/2025	What are the immunosuppressive events that lead to bacterial pneumonia (shipping fever) in feedlot cattle?
Published	04/24/2025	Immunosuppressive drugs and their effects:{{c1::corticosteroids}} = {{c2::reduces cytokine production}}, {{c2::reduces production of prostag…
Published	04/24/2025	How could the following lead to tumor regression?non-specific immune stimulation = {{c1::increase in inflammation or antigen presentation}}active…
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