Notes in Exam III

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Published	04/08/2025	What are the peripheral and central parts of the vestibular system?
Published	04/08/2025	Broadly, where in the head would you find the peripheral vestibular system?
Published	04/08/2025	For the vestibular organ:The {{c1::ampullae w/ crista amularis}} are located at the ends of the {{c2::semicircular ducts}} and detect {{c1::angular ac…
Published	04/08/2025	What is the single, largest cilium found on the macula and crista ampullaris?
Published	04/08/2025	The crista ampullaris and macula both contain a {{c1::kinocilium}} and many {{c1::sterocilia}} to help with the perception of {{c2::movement}} and {{c…
Published	04/08/2025	The {{c1::ampulla}} contains a {{c2::gelantinous membrane}} that embeds the {{c2::crista ampullaris}}.The {{c1::utricle}…
Published	04/08/2025	For movement detection:When the stereocilia bend {{c1::towards}} the kinocilium, there is {{c2::depolarization}}, {{c2::increased}} neu…
Published	04/08/2025	When are the vestibular/auditory stereocillia at "rest"?
Published	04/08/2025	In the vestibular organ, opening mechanically gated channels allows {{c1::K+}} entry and {{c2::depolarization}}, which leads to voltage…
Published	04/08/2025	When the head rotates, {{c1::endolymph}} lags behind {{c1::inner ear structures}}, which {{c2::bends the cilia}}. When the head ro…
Published	04/08/2025	Turning the head to the {{c1::left}} will increase firing on the {{c2::left side}}, while turning to the {{c1::right}} will i…
Published	04/08/2025	Action potentials encoded by the ampullae and maculae carry {{c1::proprioceptive}} information through the {{c2::vestibular ganglion}}&…
Published	04/08/2025	When it comes to the vestibular nuclei modulating lower motor neurons:{{c1::Lateral vestibulospinal}} modulates across the {{c2::entire spin…
Published	04/08/2025	What are the clinical signs that can be observed with peripheral and central vestibular disease?
Published	04/08/2025	What are the three parts of ear, and what is the function of each?
Published	04/08/2025	The cochlear duct has different fluid makeup from the bony cochlea. The cochlear scalas contain {{c1::perilymph}}, which is high in {{c1::Na+}}. The c…
Published	04/08/2025	What structures make up the organ of corti?
Published	04/08/2025	What is the major difference in hair cells between the vestibular system and auditory system?
Published	04/08/2025	Relative to the tectorial membrane, the basement membrane must move {{c1::towards}} the tectorial membrane to {{c2::depolarize}} hair cells,…
Published	04/08/2025	What determines how volume is perceived/encoded by the organ of corti?
Published	04/08/2025	Where within the organ of corti are low and high tones perceived/encoded?
Published	04/08/2025	Describe the morphology of the cochlear nerve, including cell body location and location of CNS relay
Published	04/08/2025	For the pathway of conscious cochlear perception, describe the 3 neurons and their associated structures, not including the cochlear nerve. Start with…
Published	04/08/2025	Briefly describe the initiation of the tectospinal (startle) reflex
Published	04/08/2025	{{c4::image-occlusion:rect:left=.1716:top=.7789:width=.1877:height=.0538}}{{c7::image-occlusion:rect:left=.5956:top=.7275:width=.0755:height=.0211}}{{…
Published	04/08/2025	Rods have the photochemical {{c1::rhodopsin}} for {{c2::black & white/ shades of grey}} vision. They are {{c3::high}} sensitivity,&…
Published	04/08/2025	What are the ion channels in a photoreceptor and where are they found?
Published	04/08/2025	Describe what happens in photoreceptor cells when a photon of light is detected.
Published	04/08/2025	How does information get from a photoreceptor cell to a ganglion cell to the CNS?
Published	04/08/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.1237:top=.5055:width=.1056:height=.0772}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.1195:top=.6007:width=.117:height=.0837}}{{c…
Published	04/08/2025	The size of the {{c1::visual field}} is inversely related to {{c2::binocular vision}}.
Published	04/08/2025	Those with {{c1::laterally-placed eyes (prey)}} will have a {{c2::higher}} percentage of fiber decussation at the optic chiasm, while those with {{c1:…
Published	04/08/2025	What is the PLR pathway?
Published	04/08/2025	For the PLR pathway: A {{c1::direct}} response involves the {{c2::pupil}} constricting in the {{c2::same}} eye that is being illuminated A {…
Published	04/08/2025	In the PLR pathway, what is the structure that allows information to be sent to both nuclei of parasympathetic III, and what does this allow?
Published	04/08/2025	How is vision and the PLR affected by a prechiasmatic lesion, and why do these results occur?
Published	04/08/2025	How is vision and the PLR affected by a complete optic chiasm lesion, and why do these results occur?
Published	04/08/2025	How is vision and the PLR affected by a unilateral postchiasmatic lesion, and why do these results occur?
Published	04/08/2025	How is vision and the PLR affected by a lesion at the output of the oculomotor nerve, and why do these results occur?
Published	04/10/2025	Define the following mentation descriptions {{c1::BAR}}- Bright, alert, responsive {{c1::Obtunded}}- Dull, unenthusiastic {{c1::Stuporous}}-…
Published	04/10/2025	Describe the 3-ish neurons of the ARAS and its effect on the cerebral cortex
Published	04/10/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.1851:top=.6209:width=.1071:height=.0501:oi=1}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0181:top=.3903:width=.2584:height=.108…
Published	04/10/2025	Briefly describe the two functions of ARAS
Published	04/10/2025	How do brain sleep centers influence ARAS?
Published	04/10/2025	What are two classical signs of unilateral ARAS dysfunction, and what are some potential additional findings?
Published	04/10/2025	What would be seen with a internal capsule lesion compared to an ARAS lesion?
Published	04/10/2025	Define the following terms: Seizure: {{c1::Sudden, transient, abnormal phenomenon}} Epileptic seizure: {{c1::Neural origin seizure}} Epileps…
Published	04/16/2025	{{c1::Abnormal depolarization}} is key to {{c2::generalized seizure}} activity. The {{c1::abnormal depolarization}} starts with one neuron, …
Published	04/16/2025	{{c1::Increased}} glutamate can result in {{c2::too much excitation}}, which brings neurons closer to abnormal depolarization. {{c1::Decreas…
Published	04/16/2025	What are the most common causes of seizures in dogs <1 year old, 1-5 years old, and >5 years old?
Published	04/25/2025	What symptoms will you see in forebrain disease? What remains intact?
Published	04/25/2025	What symptoms would you see with a brainstem disease? What remains intact?
Published	04/25/2025	What symptoms would you see with a cerebellum disease? What remains intact?
Published	04/25/2025	What symptoms would you see with a spinal cord disease? What remains intact?
Published	04/25/2025	What symptoms would you see with a peripheral disease?
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