Notes in PHYSIOLOGY::exam two

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pulmonary block

Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	02/23/2025	What is the anatomy of the kidney?
Published	02/13/2025	Show the pathway for the nephron
Published	02/13/2025	Where is the location for the start of filtration?
Published	02/13/2025	Structure of the glomerulus
Published	02/13/2025	What are the glomerular filtration barriers?
Published	02/13/2025	What are the capillary and interstitial pressure dynamics?
Published	02/13/2025	Describe capillary pressure (Pc)
Published	02/13/2025	Describe interstitial fluid pressure (Pif)
Published	02/13/2025	Describe plasma colloid osmotic pressure (πp)
Published	02/13/2025	Describe interstitial colloid osmotic pressure (πif)
Published	02/13/2025	What is net filtration pressure (NFP)?
Published	02/13/2025	What is the filtration equation?
Published	02/13/2025	What does the arteriole end of the capillary support?
Published	02/13/2025	What does the venule end support?
Published	02/13/2025	Where are the majority of filtered fluids reabsorbed?
Published	02/13/2025	Describe the arterial ends net filtration pressure.
Published	02/13/2025	Describe the mid capillary net filtration pressure.
Published	02/13/2025	Describe how reabsorption occurs at the venous end.
Published	02/13/2025	What is the result of glomerular hydrostatic pressure?
Published	02/13/2025	Describe capsular oncotic pressure.
Published	02/13/2025	Describe glomerular oncotic pressure.
Published	02/13/2025	Describe capsular hydrostatic pressure.
Published	02/13/2025	What do afferent arterioles do?
Published	02/13/2025	What do efferent arterioles do?
Published	02/13/2025	What does vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles result in?
Published	02/13/2025	What does vasoconstriction of efferent arterioles result in?
Published	02/13/2025	A decrease in Kf results in what? Provide the physical determinant and the physiological/pathophysiological causes.
Published	02/13/2025	An increase in PB results in what? Provide the physical determinants and the physiological/pathophysiological causes.
Published	02/13/2025	Describe what an increase in πG results in. Provide the physical determinants and the physiological/pathophysiological causes.
Published	02/13/2025	Describe what a decrease in PG results in. Provide the physical determinants and the physiological/pathophysiological causes.
Published	02/13/2025	Describe what a decrease in Ap results in? Provide the physical determinants and the physiological/pathophysiological causes.
Published	02/13/2025	Describe what a decrease in RE results in? Provide the physical determinants and the physiological/pathophysiological causes.
Published	02/13/2025	Describe what an increase in RA results in? Provide the physical determinants and the physiological/pathophysiological causes.
Published	02/13/2025	{{c1::Increasing::Increasing or Decreasing}} arterial pressure {{c1::increases::increases or decreases}} hydrostatic pressure, which {{c1::i…
Published	02/13/2025	{{c1::Increasing::Increasing or decreasing}} afferent arteriole resistance {{c1::decreases::increases or decreases}} hydrostatic pressu…
Published	02/13/2025	{{c1::Increasing::Increasing or decreasing}} efferent arteriole resistance {{c1::increases::increases or decreases}} hydrostatic pressu…
Published	02/13/2025	Why will GFR increase when RE increases?
Published	02/13/2025	What occurs when the fluid volume in the glomerulus decreases?
Published	02/13/2025	What occurs when you increase RA?
Published	02/13/2025	What happens over time with the increase in RA?
Published	02/13/2025	What are the parts of the nephron (in order)?
Published	02/13/2025	What does the glomerulus do?
Published	02/13/2025	What does the proximal convoluted tubule do?
Published	02/13/2025	What does the descending loop of Henle do?
Published	02/13/2025	What does the ascending loop of Henle do?
Published	02/13/2025	What does the distal tubule do?
Published	02/13/2025	What does the collecting duct do?
Published	02/13/2025	What is the primary method of reabsorption?
Published	02/13/2025	Describe sodium's role in reabsorption.
Published	02/13/2025	Describe the importance of the proximal convoluted tubule.
Published	02/13/2025	Describe sodium in the proximal convoluted tubule.
Published	02/13/2025	Describe the descending Loop of Henle.
Published	02/13/2025	Describe the Ascending Loop of Henle.
Published	02/13/2025	Describe the mechanism for the thick ascending loop of Henle reabsorption.
Published	02/13/2025	Describe the countercurrent mechanism.
Published	02/13/2025	What is the early distal convulted tubule?
Published	02/13/2025	What is the juxtaglomerular complex?
Published	02/13/2025	Describe the mechanism for early distal convoluted tubule reabsorption.
Published	02/13/2025	What are the principal cells for the late distal convoluted tubule?
Published	02/13/2025	What does the late distal convoluted tubule do?
Published	02/13/2025	Describe the mechanism for the late distal convoluted tubule reabsorption
Published	02/13/2025	What are the two types of cells present in the late distal convoluted tubule?
Published	02/13/2025	What are Type A intercalated cells?
Published	02/13/2025	What are Type B intercalated cells?
Published	02/13/2025	Describe the permeability for the collecting duct.
Published	02/13/2025	What is a major contributor to interstitial osmolarity?
Published	02/13/2025	Where is urea reabsorbed?
Published	02/13/2025	How does the concentration of reabsorbed urea in the PCT vs. the loop of Henle?
Published	02/13/2025	Where is urea NOT reabsorbed?
Published	02/13/2025	How is the interstitial osmolarity increased?
Published	02/13/2025	What does a high osmolarity of the interstitium contribute to?
Published	02/13/2025	What is the circumstance for antidiuretic hormone for urea?
Published	02/13/2025	What is a contributor to the concentration of urine?
Published	02/13/2025	What does parathyroid regulate?
Published	02/13/2025	When does parathryoid release?
Published	02/13/2025	What does parathyroid stimulates?
Published	02/13/2025	What does calcium regulation stimulate?
Published	02/13/2025	Describe calcium regulation.
Published	02/13/2025	Provide a summary of reabsorption.
Published	02/13/2025	What is the RAAS system?
Published	02/13/2025	What does an activation in the RAAS system result in?
Published	02/13/2025	What is the end result of the RAAS system?
Published	02/13/2025	What does a drop in blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries result in?
Published	02/13/2025	What cells detect a drop in sodium in the tubular fluid or fluid flow?
Published	02/13/2025	What happens when macula densa cells in the kidney detect a drop in [Na+] in the tubular fluid or fluid flow?
Published	02/13/2025	What is the pathway for RAAS?
Published	02/13/2025	{{c1::Juxtaglomerular cells}} secrete renin
Published	02/13/2025	Why do juxtaglomerular cells secrete renin?
Published	02/13/2025	Renin cleaves {{c1::angiotensinogen}} into {{c1::angiotensin-I}} in the liver
Published	02/13/2025	{{c1::Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)}} converts {{c1::angiotensin-I}} into {{c1::angiotensin-II}} in the lungs
Published	02/13/2025	What does angiotensin-II do?
Published	02/13/2025	What else does angiotensin-II signal for?
Published	02/13/2025	What does aldosterone potentiate?
Published	02/13/2025	What is the net effect of the RAAS system?
Published	02/13/2025	What happens when there is a loss of blood?
Published	02/13/2025	Why is it important for the body to keep [K+] within a narrow homeostatic range?
Published	02/13/2025	What occurs when K+ triggers aldosterone release?
Published	02/13/2025	What occurs during the inhibition of aldosterone?
Published	02/13/2025	What does aldosterone stimulate?
Published	02/13/2025	What happens when Na+ increases?
Published	02/13/2025	What are the conditions in which increasing distal tubular flow rate will stimulate K+ secretion udner high K+ intake conditions more than lower K+ in…
Published	02/13/2025	How do these mechanisms work (sodium and tubular flow rate)?
New Card	02/25/2025	Where is ADH produced, stored, and released?
New Card	02/25/2025	What stimulus triggers ADH release?
Published	02/25/2025	What is the goal of ADH
Published	02/25/2025	Describe ADH's action in the nephron
Published	02/25/2025	Describe ADH's mechanism of recruiting aquaporins
Published	02/25/2025	What is the effect of ADH action?
Published	02/25/2025	List the downstream effects of Atrial "Volume" reflex resulting from Atrial Stretch
Published	02/25/2025	What chemicals increases ADH secretion
Published	02/25/2025	What physiological triggers increase ADH secretion
Published	02/25/2025	What physiological trigger decreases ADH secretion?
Published	02/25/2025	What chemicals decrease ADH secretion?
Published	02/25/2025	What is Diabetes Insipidus?
Published	02/25/2025	What is Central Diabetes insipidus?
Published	02/25/2025	What is Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?
Published	02/25/2025	Define Pressure Diuresis
Published	02/25/2025	Define Pressure Natriuresis.
Published	02/25/2025	Do Pressure Diuresis and Pressure Natriuresis occur independently of each other?
Published	02/25/2025	Describe BP's effect on Na+ excretion.
Published	02/25/2025	Describe the difference between acute increases in BP versus chronic elevated BP
Published	02/25/2025	What is the purpose of the Renal-Body Feedback Loop?
Published	02/25/2025	List the ordered sequence of Renal-body feedback system.
Published	02/25/2025	Blood volume remains around the same despite changes in fluid intake via what system?
Published	02/25/2025	Small changes in Blood volume result in what?
Published	02/25/2025	Small changes in cardiac output result in what?
Published	02/25/2025	Small changes in BP result in what?
Published	02/25/2025	What is the difference between Urine excretion in a normal vs non-responsive RAAS system (Lost ability to inhibit RAAS)?
Published	02/25/2025	Increase in Na+ and fluid intake {{c1::decreases}} renin secretion and Ang-II formation, which {{c1::decreases}} Na+ and H2O reabs…
Published	02/25/2025	Distinguish between Hyponatremia and Hypernatremia characteristics
Published	02/25/2025	Describe action of Loop Diuretics
Published	02/25/2025	Describe action of Thiazide Diuretics (Most commonly prescribed)
Published	02/25/2025	Describe action of Aldosterone Antagonists
Published	02/25/2025	Describe action of Na+ Channel blockers
Published	02/25/2025	What does Carbonic anhydrase do?
Published	02/25/2025	What is the effect of Carbonic Anhydrase inhibitors?
Published	02/25/2025	What is Osmotic Diuresis
Published	02/25/2025	List Tubular site of each class of diuretic:1) Osmotic Diuretic:2) Loop Diuretic:3) Thiazide Diuretic:4) Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor:5) Aldosterone A…
Published	02/25/2025	Describe sequence of Renal Failure
Published	02/25/2025	What is normal blood pH
Published	02/25/2025	What are the 3 methods of pH Regulation
Published	02/25/2025	How is Le Chatelier's Principle used to balance blood pH?
Published	02/25/2025	What reversible reaction controlled by several factors reflects the amount of H+ in the body?
Published	02/25/2025	What controls CO2 levels and H+/HCO3 levels in this system?H2O +CO2 <-> H2CO3 <-> H+ +HCO3
Published	02/25/2025	Applying Le Chatelier's principle, what is pH equal too given this equation:H2O +CO2 <-> H2CO3 <-> H+ +HCO3
Published	02/25/2025	Increasing CO2 levels does what to blood pH
Published	02/25/2025	Increasing HCO3 levels will do what to blood pH
Published	02/25/2025	Describe how CO2 levels are controlled in the lungs
Published	02/25/2025	Describe the effect of Blood pH on respiration
Published	02/25/2025	Where does most HCO3 reabsorption and H+ secretion take place?
Published	02/25/2025	Describe the reabsorption of HCO3?
Published	02/25/2025	Describe effect of Alkalosis on HCO3 control (Loss of ECF H+)
Published	02/25/2025	Describe the effect of Acidosis on the control of HCO3 (Excess H+)
Published	02/25/2025	Describe how Late Distal Convoluted Tubule Acid/Base Balance works
Published	02/25/2025	Briefly describe Glutamine Buffer system
Published	02/25/2025	Briefly describe Phosphate buffer system with HCO3
Published	02/25/2025	What causes increased H+ excretion and HCO3 reabsorption
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