Notes in Exam III

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Published	04/08/2025	{{c1::Eosinophils}} are important for dealing with {{c2::allergic}} and {{c2::parasitic}} diseases{{c1::Mast}} cells are the primary source of {{c2::h…
Published	04/08/2025	For eosinophils, what is the primary chemoattractant?
Published	04/24/2025	How do mast cells degranulate?
Published	04/08/2025	{{c1::Resident macrophages}} can be found in multiple tissues. What are the names of the {{c1::resident macrophages}} found in the following tissues?1…
Published	04/08/2025	What are 3 functions of macrophages? (At least what Dr. Baldwin listed as important...)
Published	04/08/2025	Natural killer cells are associated with the {{c1::innate immune system}}, while Cytotoxic T cells are associated with the {{c1::adaptive immune syste…
Published	04/08/2025	How do NK and cytotoxic T cells kill?
Published	04/08/2025	List the 5 categories of acute inflammatory exudates that may be present, from least to most severe
Published	04/08/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.2394:top=.9013:width=.2598:height=.0583:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.3707:top=.5212:width=.2484:height=.065…
Published	04/08/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.118:top=.4147:width=.2469:height=.0532:oi=1}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.3707:top=.4147:width=.2484:height=.0481…
Published	04/08/2025	What are the concurrent conditions associated with chronic inflammation?
Published	04/08/2025	What are the primary characteristics of chronic inflammation?
Published	04/08/2025	Match or describe the following acute inflammatory exudates{{c1::Serous}}: {{c2::Low protein fluid}}{{c1::Catarrhal}}: {{c2::Mucus}}{{c1::Suppura…
Published	04/08/2025	Define or describe the cell/tissue type associated with the following chronic inflammation classifications: {{c1::Lymphocytic}}: {{c2::Prima…
Published	04/08/2025	Granulomatous inflammation has two organizations: {{c1::Granulomas}}: {{c2::Nodular or distinct masses}}{{c1::Diffuse granulomatous inflamm…
Published	04/08/2025	During the four stages of granuloma formation, how does cell composition change?
Published	04/08/2025	How do TH1 vs TH2 cells contribute to granulomatous inflammation?
Published	04/08/2025	What is the cell organization of a tuberculoid granuloma, deep to superficial?
Published	04/08/2025	What are the specialized forms of granuloma, and what is unique about them?
Published	04/08/2025	Most acute inflammatory mediators are active in {{c1::seconds to minutes}} and last {{c1::minutes to hours}}. They have {{c1::short}} half lives.&nbsp…
Published	04/08/2025	What is the source, degranulation stimulus, and action of histamine?
Published	04/08/2025	What is the source, degranulation stimulus, and actions of serotonin?
Published	04/08/2025	What is the source and actions of Bradykinin?
Published	04/08/2025	Why is Kallikrein important?
Published	04/08/2025	What are the actions of Thromboxane?
Published	04/08/2025	Define/describe the actions of the following arachadonic acid product families:{{c1::Prostaglandin family}}: {{c2::vasodilation, increased vascular pe…
Published	04/08/2025	What is the orgin and effects of the complement system?
Published	04/08/2025	Define/describe the mechanism for the following complement system pathways:{{c1::Classical pathway}}: {{c2::IgM or IgG + C1 -> C3 convertase }…
Published	04/08/2025	What is the effector mechanism for complement using C3 convertase?
Published	04/08/2025	What are the actions of C3a and C5a?
Published	04/08/2025	What activity is each complement protein associated with? C3b and C4b: {{c1::Opsonization }}C5a, C3a, C4a: {{c1::Chemotaxis and leukocyte ac…
Published	04/08/2025	Describe the Archidonic acid (AA) pathway:
Published	04/08/2025	The following are products of the {{c2::prostaglandin}} family in the AA pathway.{{c1::Prostacyclin}}: {{c2::causes vasodilation, inhibits platelet ag…
Published	04/08/2025	Medical intervention of the Arachadonic Acid Pathways{{c1::Steroids}} inhibit {{c2::phospholipases}}. As a consequence, there is no {{c2::arachidonic …
Published	04/08/2025	{{c1::COX-1}} is constitutively expressed in {{c2::almost all tissues}}. It is important for for {{c2::perfusion}} and {{c2::gastric mucosal protectio…
Published	04/08/2025	Broadly describe the organization of diffuse granulomatous inflammation
Published	04/08/2025	Abscesses form following {{c1::failed elimination of a stimulus}}. The observed pus forms due to {{c1::neutrophils liquefying tissues, themselves, and…
Published	04/08/2025	What are the two broad categories of abscess?
Published	04/08/2025	Are abscesses typically chronic or acute?
Published	04/08/2025	What are the detrimental effects of chronic inflammation? How long can it take to occur?
Published	04/08/2025	Briefly describe the phases in which hypersensitivity reactions are developed
Published	04/08/2025	Type {{c1::1}} hypersensitivity is mediated by {{c2::IgE sensitized mast cells}}. This type can be observed {{c3::systematically}} via …
Published	04/10/2025	Type {{c1::2}} hypersensitivity is mediated by {{c2::antibodies}}, which target {{c2::cell surface antigens}}. This type acts via {{c3::ADCC}}, {…
Published	04/08/2025	Type {{c1::3}} hypersensitivity is mediated by high amounts of {{c2::immune complex formation}}, which then deposit in {{c2::sites of blood flow …
Published	04/22/2025	Of the 4 types of hypersensitivity, which result in lesions locally, systemically, or both?
Published	04/08/2025	What is the only hypersensitivity that is not antibody mediated?
Published	04/08/2025	{{c1::Type 4}} hypersensitivity is mediated by {{c2::antigen activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells}}. {{c1::Delayed-type hypersensitivity}} i…
Published	04/08/2025	With type 4 hypersensitivity, how does activation of CD4+ cells lead to cellular damage?
Published	04/08/2025	With type 4 hypersensitivity, how does activation of CD8+ T cells lead to cellular damage?
Published	04/08/2025	{{c1::Autoimmune diseases}} involve {{c2::autoreactive T cells}} and {{c2::immune responses to self antigens}}. They often have {{c2::genetic}} and {{…
Published	04/08/2025	What are the proposed mechanisms resulting in autoimmune diseases?
Published	04/08/2025	What is the sequence of wound healing?
Published	04/08/2025	Define/describe the following for the sequence of wound healing: {{c1::Hemostasis}}: {{c2::control of bleeding }}{{c1::Inflammation}}: {{c2:…
Published	04/08/2025	{{c1::Primary wounds}} are {{c2::clean, uninfected, surgical like incisions}} with {{c2::minimal}} epithelial loss and connec…
Published	04/08/2025	What are some differences between primary and secondary wounds?
Published	04/08/2025	What is the composition, purpose, and fate of granulation tissue?
Published	04/08/2025	What two processes lead to granulation tissue formation?
Published	04/08/2025	What is the process by which new blood vessels are formed from existing ones, and why is it important for granulation tissue?
Published	04/08/2025	What does the local dehydration of a wound lead to the formation of?
Published	04/08/2025	What are the roles of macrophages in wound healing?
Published	04/08/2025	How do cytokines promote wound healing?
Published	04/08/2025	What is the appearance of healthy granulation tissue?
Published	04/08/2025	How do oxygen sensing proteins promote wound healing?
Published	04/08/2025	What are the two mechanisms of angiogenesis?
Published	04/08/2025	Why is re-epithelialization slower in second intention healing?
Published	04/08/2025	{{c1::Stem cells}} are the source of new {{c2::epithelium}} and {{c2::mesenchymal}} cells in wound healing. Their activation is required for appr…
Published	04/22/2025	{{c1::TGF-β}} is the {{c2::fibrogenic}} cytokine. It results in increased {{c3::fibroblast}} proliferation and migration and increased synthesis …
Published	04/08/2025	What is the consequence of scarring and wound contraction?
Published	04/08/2025	What are systemic factors that decrease healing?
Published	04/08/2025	What are local factors that delay wound healing?
Published	04/08/2025	Why is exuberant granulation tissue problematic?
Published	04/08/2025	What is the consequence of excessive fibrosis?
Published	04/15/2025	Define/describe the following: {{c1::Neosplasm}}: {{c2::abnormal growth of tissue (tumor)}}{{c1::Cancer}}: {{c2::infiltrative behavior of maligan…
Published	04/15/2025	{{c1::Benign}} growths are neoplasia's that {{c2::do not invade or metastasize}}. They can {{c2::compress and may alter organ function}…
Published	04/15/2025	If persistent, {{c1::cellular adaptations}} increase the risk for neoplasia.
Published	04/15/2025	What cellular adaptations increase the chance for neoplastic transformation?
Published	04/14/2025	What is the term for failure to differentiate?
Published	04/15/2025	Define/describe the following neoplastic origins: {{c1::Mesenchymal origin}}: Arise from {{c2::cells of embryonic mesoderm}}{{c1::Epithelial…
Published	04/15/2025	How do you name benign and malignant neoplasia of Mesenchymal orgin?
Published	04/15/2025	{{c1::Hematopoietic cells}} are cells that give rise to {{c2::other blood cells}} and are of {{c2::mesodermal origin}}. Neoplasms …
Published	04/15/2025	The following are examples of {{c2::benign}} neoplasms of epithelial orgin. Define or describe them: {{c1::Adenoma}}: {{c2::form glandular (…
Published	04/15/2025	The following are examples of {{c2::malignant}} neoplasms of epithelial orgin. Define or describe them: {{c1::Carcinomas}}: {{c2::form nests…
Published	04/15/2025	How do you name benign and malignant neoplasia of neural crest orgin?
Published	04/15/2025	The following are examples of {{c1::mixed tumors}}. {{c2::Epithelial and mesenchymal clones}} make up {{c1::mixed tumors}} of {{c3::sal…
Published	04/16/2025	A {{c1::hamartoma}} is an {{c2::excess of disorganized but otherwise normal tissue in a normal location}}. A {{c1::choristoma…
Published	04/16/2025	What are the differences in growth patterns between benign and malignant growths?
Published	04/16/2025	What are the two most reilable features to distinguish malignant growths ?
Published	04/16/2025	What are the differences in cell differentiation between benign and malignant growths?
Published	04/15/2025	What is anaplasia?
Published	04/16/2025	What is ansinocytosis, and how does it differ between benign and malignant growths?
Published	04/16/2025	What is pleomorphism, and how does it differ between benign and malignant growths?
Published	04/16/2025	How does the mitotic index diffeer between benign and malignant growths?
Published	04/16/2025	What is some abnormal nuclear morphology that may suggest a malignant growth?
Published	04/22/2025	What are the 7 histologic hallmarks of anaplasia?
Published	04/16/2025	{{c1::Tumor giant cells}} are {{c2::large, multi nucleated cells}}. They are virtually limited to {{c2::malignancies }}
Published	04/16/2025	How do areas of necrosis differ between benign and malignant growths?
Published	04/17/2025	Define metastasis
Published	04/17/2025	Tumors that are {{c1::large}}, {{c1::aggressive}}, and grow {{c1::rapidly}}, are the most likely to {{c2::metastasize}}.
Published	04/17/2025	What feature of metastasis keeps metastasis rates relatively low in tumors?
Published	04/17/2025	List the 6 steps of tumor metastasis
Published	04/17/2025	Define the steps of tumor metastasis Individualization: {{c1::Detach from tumor mass and enter ECM, bind to ECM component}} Migration: {{c1::Cyto…
Published	04/17/2025	What happens to epithelial carcinoma cells as they gain metastatic characteristics?
Published	04/17/2025	List the three pathways of metastasis, and their primary neoplasm group.
Published	04/17/2025	Name target tissues associated with the following metastatic pathways. Carcinomatosis: {{c1::Affects organs within given body cavity.}} Lymp…
Published	04/17/2025	What are the reasons for lymph node enlargement in the presence of a neoplasm? Does lymph enlargement mean euthanasia is necessary?
Published	04/17/2025	What is neoplastic latency, and what are it's implication for detection?
Published	04/17/2025	What determines the growth rate of a given neoplasm?
Published	04/17/2025	Very broadly, what is the theory of stepwise tumor development?
Published	04/17/2025	Name or define the steps of neoplastic transformation:{{c1::Initiation}}: {{c2::Irreversible genetic change > Increased potential for unregulated g…
Published	04/22/2025	What are the population genetic hallmarks of a progressive neoplasm?
Published	04/17/2025	Describe the concept of tumor heterogeneity and how it contributes to malignancies
Published	04/17/2025	Briefly describe the concept of neoplastic maturation arrest
Published	04/24/2025	Stroma consists of {{c1::ECM & mesenchymal cells}}, and is required to support tumors (and other tissues). The source of stroma supporting a {{c2:…
Published	04/17/2025	The tumor and accompanying stroma exchange {{c1::signaling molecules (GF, cytokines, etc.)}}. The result of this is {{c1::modulation of both tissues (…
Published	04/24/2025	Once tumors reach 1-2mm in size, what event must occur?
Published	04/17/2025	How do tumor vessels differ from normal vessels? What are the consequences of this?
Published	04/17/2025	Tumors are often infiltrated with leukocytes. How does this occur, and is it helpful or hurtful to the host?
Published	04/17/2025	Does chronic inflammation have a high or low risk of neoplastic mutation?
Published	04/17/2025	List the 6 DNA alterations that may result in neoplastic initiation
Published	04/24/2025	List the 5 epigenetic changes that are associated with neoplastic promotion
Published	04/24/2025	What 7 expressed genetic changes are observed in every neoplasm?
Published	04/17/2025	What are proto-oncogenes?
Published	04/17/2025	Where within the cellular growth cascade can oncogenes induce independent cell growth? If multiple, please name them.
Published	04/17/2025	The prototype for oncogene occurrence is the {{c1::RAS}} oncogene. It causes autonomous growth by {{c1::blocking inactivation of secondary messen…
Published	04/26/2025	{{c1::Tumor suppressor}} genes induce genes that control {{c2::cell cycle}}, {{c2::apoptosis}}, and {{c2::DNA repair}}
Published	04/26/2025	The prototypic suppressor gene is the {{c1::retinoblastoma}} gene. It is a nuclear phosphoprotein that {{c2::regulates cell cycle}}, and thi…
Published	04/26/2025	Describe the two-hit hypothesis of the retinoblastoma gene.
Published	04/26/2025	The {{c1::P53}} group senses damaged DNA and acts as a suppressor gene by inducing {{c2::temporary cell cycle arrest}}, {{c2::permanent cell cycle arr…
Published	04/26/2025	What gene group is the most common target for genetic alteration in tumors?
Published	04/26/2025	What are the direct effects of neoplasia discussed in class?
Published	04/26/2025	What is cancer cachexia? What are the causes?
Published	04/26/2025	{{c1::Endocrinopathies}} can occur with {{c2::endocrine tumors}} that secrete hormones as well as {{c2::nonendocrine tumors}} that produce e…
Published	04/26/2025	Skeletal paraneoplastic syndromes include {{c1::hypertrophic osteoarthropathy}}, which is {{c2::periosteal new bone growth}}, and {{c1::myel…
Published	04/26/2025	What vascular and hematologic syndromes can be seen with neoplasms?
Published	04/26/2025	Grading is the assessment of {{c1::differentiation}}, and things used to determine grade include {{c2::overall architecture}}, {{c2::cy…
Published	04/26/2025	{{c1::Staging}} gives and indication of the extent of {{c2::spread}}. Its use is limited in veterinary medicine because there is less data availa…
Published	04/26/2025	Laboratory diagnosis of cancer is limited by specimen quality. The specimen must be {{c1::adequate size}}, {{c1::representative of the mass}…
Published	04/26/2025	How can you get an exact laboratory diagnosis of cancer?
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